medulla
Inner tissue layer
The medulla is the innermost part of an organ or structure, as opposed to its outer layer (cortex).
In anatomy, it most often refers to the medulla oblongata, the lowest part of the brainstem controlling vital functions like breathing and heart rate: Damage to the medulla is usually fatal.
The term also applies to the inner tissue of kidneys, adrenal glands, and hair shafts.
Brainstem relay station
- cerebellumMovement coordination organ
- hindbrainRear brain division
- autonomicSelf-regulating without awareness
- cranial nervesTwelve brainstem-emerging neural pairs
respiration · cardiovascular · vasomotor · neurons · nuclei · neurotransmitters · axon · synapse
Soft bone interior
- hematopoiesisBlood cell production process
- stem cellsUndifferentiated cells with regenerative potential
- leukocytesImmune cells in blood
- erythrocytesOxygen-carrying blood cells
platelets · spongy · cavity · transplant · anemia · leukemia · biopsy · blood cells
Pulmonary gas exchange
- swallowingIngesting via throat muscles
- coughingForceful air expulsion reflex
- sneezingSudden forceful nasal expulsion
- gaggingReflex throat constriction
vomiting · hiccups · homeostasis · salivation · heart rate · blood pressure · pupillary · reflex arc
Core or crux
- stemPlant's central axis
- coreCentral essential portion
- parenchymaFunctional tissue of organs
- vascularOf blood vessels
Of the kidneys
- nephronKidney's filtration unit
- cortexOrgan's external tissue
- pyramidsApex-topped geometric solids
- urineRenal excretion fluid
papilla · calyces · filtration · excretion · hypertonic
Adrenal stress hormone
- norepinephrineAlertness and stress hormone
- adrenalineEmergency response hormone
- catecholaminesTyrosine-derived neurotransmitter class
- stress responseBody's reaction to threat
fight or flight · hormones · gland · secretion · sympathetic · cortex
Narrow vertical passage
- cortexOrgan's external tissue
- cuticleDead skin at nail base
- keratinStructural hair protein
- strandThin fiber piece
follicle · inner layer · cross-section · fiber · trichology
pons
Brainstem relay station
- cerebellumMovement coordination organ
- hindbrainRear brain division
- autonomicSelf-regulating without awareness
cranial nerves · respiration · cardiovascular · vasomotor · neurons · nuclei · neurotransmitters · axon · synapse · neuroanatomy
marrow
Soft bone interior
- hematopoiesisBlood cell production process
- stem cellsUndifferentiated cells with regenerative potential
- leukocytesImmune cells in blood
erythrocytes · platelets · spongy · cavity · transplant · anemia · leukemia · biopsy · blood cells · red marrow
breathing
Pulmonary gas exchange
- swallowingIngesting via throat muscles
- coughingForceful air expulsion reflex
- sneezingSudden forceful nasal expulsion
gagging · vomiting · hiccups · homeostasis · salivation · heart rate · blood pressure · pupillary · reflex arc · involuntary
pith
Core or crux
- stemPlant's central axis
- coreCentral essential portion
- parenchymaFunctional tissue of organs
vascular · spongy tissue · plant anatomy · stele · herbaceous
renal
Of the kidneys
urine · papilla · calyces · filtration · excretion · hypertonic
epinephrine
Adrenal stress hormone
- norepinephrineAlertness and stress hormone
- adrenalineEmergency response hormone
- catecholaminesTyrosine-derived neurotransmitter class
stress response · fight or flight · hormones · gland · secretion · sympathetic · cortex
shaft
Narrow vertical passage
strand · follicle · inner layer · cross-section · fiber · trichology
- body partsarm, leg, hand, back, chest
- anatomybrain, heart, bones, liver, stomach
- braincerebrum, cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus
- breathingbreathing, inhalation, breath, exhalation, breathe
- feathersfeather, feathers, plume, down feathers, quill
- inner corecore, nucleus, heart, center, kernel
medullacortex
Organ's external tissue
outer layer · periphery · zona glomerulosa · zona fasciculata · surface
- medulla oblongataLower brainstem structure