racial discrimination
Bias by ethnicity
Racial discrimination is unfair treatment of people based on their race or ethnicity.
It ranges from individual prejudice to systemic barriers in housing, employment, education, and criminal justice.
Laws prohibit explicit discrimination, but subtler forms persist: The study documented racial discrimination in hiring practices.
Distinguished from racism, which emphasizes belief systems, discrimination focuses on actions and outcomes.
Forced separation by group
- apartheidRacial separation policy
- redliningRefusing loans by neighborhood
- Jim CrowRacial separation laws
- ghettoizationForced residential segregation
disenfranchisement · voter suppression · mass incarceration · school-to-prison pipeline · gerrymandering · wage gap · glass ceiling · sundown towns
Doctrine of racial superiority
- bigotryIntolerance toward differing views
- ethnocentrismBelief one's culture superior
- colorismBias based on complexion
- supremacismIdeology claiming group superiority
nativism · neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan · skinhead · Aryan · eugenics · blood purity · master race
Hatred of outsiders
- anti-SemitismHostility toward Jewish people
- IslamophobiaPrejudice against Muslims
- SinophobiaPrejudice against China
- casteismBias by hereditary social class
untouchability · colorism · hate crime · lynching · pogrom · ethnic cleansing · genocide · internment
Preformed unfavorable opinion
- stereotypingOversimplified group-based judgments
- otheringViewing as fundamentally different
- marginalizationRelegation to powerless periphery
- microaggressionSmall, often unconscious, biased remark
tokenism · scapegoating · blackface · cultural appropriation · exoticization · fetishization · pigeonholing · typecasting
Guaranteed individual legal protections
- desegregationEnding enforced group separation
- integrationCombining into a whole
- affirmative actionPrograms boosting marginalized representation
- reparationsCompensation for historical wrongs
equality · equity · inclusion · diversity · reconciliation · restitution · abolition · emancipation
segregation
Forced separation by group
- apartheidRacial separation policy
- redliningRefusing loans by neighborhood
- Jim CrowRacial separation laws
ghettoization · disenfranchisement · voter suppression · mass incarceration · school-to-prison pipeline · gerrymandering · wage gap · glass ceiling · sundown towns · white flight
white supremacy
Doctrine of racial superiority
- bigotryIntolerance toward differing views
- ethnocentrismBelief one's culture superior
- colorismBias based on complexion
supremacism · nativism · neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan · skinhead · Aryan · eugenics · blood purity · master race · ethnonationalism
xenophobia
Hatred of outsiders
- anti-SemitismHostility toward Jewish people
- IslamophobiaPrejudice against Muslims
- SinophobiaPrejudice against China
casteism · untouchability · colorism · hate crime · lynching · pogrom · ethnic cleansing · genocide · internment · forced relocation
prejudice
Preformed unfavorable opinion
- stereotypingOversimplified group-based judgments
- otheringViewing as fundamentally different
- marginalizationRelegation to powerless periphery
microaggression · tokenism · scapegoating · blackface · cultural appropriation · exoticization · fetishization · pigeonholing · typecasting · dehumanization
civil rights
Guaranteed individual legal protections
- desegregationEnding enforced group separation
- integrationCombining into a whole
- affirmative actionPrograms boosting marginalized representation
reparations · equality · equity · inclusion · diversity · reconciliation · restitution · abolition · emancipation · liberation
- racismwhite supremacy, bigotry, segregation, hate crime, antisemitism
- discrimination lawgender bias, equal pay act, disparate impact, EEOC, hostile environment
- Black WWI Soldiersblack soldiers, African American troops, Croix de Guerre, combat valor, stevedores
- Voting Rightsvoter registration, voter suppression, voter turnout, voting access, enfranchisement
- Japanese Internmentinternment camps, internment camp, Japanese internment, Executive Order 9066, internees
- treatiestreaty, treaties, peace treaty, peace treaties, bilateral treaty
racial discriminationequal treatment
Uniform handling regardless of identity
racial equality · nondiscrimination · colorblindness · impartiality · fair treatment
racial discriminationracial integration
Unifying separated ethnic groups
racial harmony · inclusivity · multiculturalism · racial unity · pluralism
racial discriminationcivil rights
Guaranteed individual legal protections
equal protection · desegregation · affirmative action · civil rights legislation · equal access
racism, racist, racial, discrimination, discriminating, discriminate, indiscriminate, discriminatory, indiscriminately