Jim Crow
American apartheid system
Jim Crow refers to the system of laws and customs that enforced racial segregation in the American South from the 1870s through the 1960s.
Jim Crow laws mandated separate facilities for Black and white people—schools, restaurants, drinking fountains, railroad cars.
The term comes from a blackface minstrel character.
As an adjective, it describes anything related to this era of institutionalized racism: Jim Crow segregation, the Jim Crow South.
Post-1865 national reunification period
- sharecroppingFarm rent in produce
- poll taxesPer-person voting levies
- literacy testsAssessments of reading ability
- grandfather clausesExemptions for preexisting conditions
white supremacy · Ku Klux Klan · lynching · Great Migration · Harlem Renaissance · Plessy v. Ferguson · Brown v. Board · Booker T. Washington
Per-person voting levies
- literacy testsAssessments of reading ability
- grandfather clausesExemptions for preexisting conditions
- vagrancy lawsStatutes criminalizing homelessness
- anti-miscegenationOpposing interracial unions
Plessy v. Ferguson · separate but equal · disfranchisement · 13th Amendment · 14th Amendment · Civil Rights Act · Voting Rights Act · ordinances
Racial segregation's constitutional fiction
- whites onlyRacial exclusion policy
- drinking fountainsPublic water dispensers
- waiting roomsSpaces for those expecting appointments
- swimming poolsArtificial basins for aquatics
lunch counters · redlining · sundown towns · ghettoization · housing discrimination · school segregation · railroad cars · theaters
Extrajudicial killing by mob
- Ku Klux KlanWhite supremacist hate organization
- night ridersViolent nocturnal vigilante groups
- mob violenceGroup-inflicted harm
- Tulsa massacre1921 anti-Black atrocity
race riots · terrorism · intimidation · whipping · beatings · murder · Emmett Till · church bombings
Civil rights advocacy organization
- civil rightsGuaranteed individual legal protections
- boycottsOrganized refusals to purchase
- sit-insStationary protest tactics
- Freedom RidersBus-borne civil rights activists
marches · protests · Rosa Parks · Martin Luther King Jr. · nonviolent resistance · voter registration · integration · desegregation
Reconstruction
Post-1865 national reunification period
- sharecroppingFarm rent in produce
- poll taxesPer-person voting levies
- literacy testsAssessments of reading ability
grandfather clauses · white supremacy · Ku Klux Klan · lynching · Great Migration · Harlem Renaissance · Plessy v. Ferguson · Brown v. Board · Booker T. Washington · W.E.B. Du Bois
poll taxes
Per-person voting levies
- literacy testsAssessments of reading ability
- grandfather clausesExemptions for preexisting conditions
- vagrancy lawsStatutes criminalizing homelessness
anti-miscegenation · Plessy v. Ferguson · separate but equal · disfranchisement · 13th Amendment · 14th Amendment · Civil Rights Act · Voting Rights Act · ordinances · statutes
separate but equal
Racial segregation's constitutional fiction
- whites onlyRacial exclusion policy
- drinking fountainsPublic water dispensers
- waiting roomsSpaces for those expecting appointments
swimming pools · lunch counters · redlining · sundown towns · ghettoization · housing discrimination · school segregation · railroad cars · theaters · cemeteries
lynching
Extrajudicial killing by mob
- Ku Klux KlanWhite supremacist hate organization
- night ridersViolent nocturnal vigilante groups
- mob violenceGroup-inflicted harm
race riots · Tulsa massacre · terrorism · intimidation · whipping · beatings · murder · Emmett Till · church bombings · tar and feathering
NAACP
Civil rights advocacy organization
- civil rightsGuaranteed individual legal protections
- boycottsOrganized refusals to purchase
- sit-insStationary protest tactics
Freedom Riders · marches · protests · Rosa Parks · Martin Luther King Jr. · nonviolent resistance · voter registration · integration · desegregation · activism
- Black AmericaBlack churches, NAACP, civil rights activism, racial justice, HBCUs
- 1800s AmericaOregon Trail, Trail of Tears, transcontinental railroad, Civil War, Abraham Lincoln
- Black HistoryMartin Luther King Jr., MLK, Rosa Parks, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass
- US HistoryAmerican Revolution, US history, Civil War, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln
- civil rightsequal protection, equal rights, Civil Rights Act, right to life, Voting Rights Act
- discriminationracism, systemic discrimination, sexism, racial harassment, prejudice
Jim Crowintegration
Combining into a whole
desegregation · racial equality · civil rights · equal protection · racial justice
Jim Crowenfranchisement
Granting citizenship rights
constitutional protection · Voting Rights Act · Civil Rights Act · voting rights · equal access
Jim CrowReconstruction
Post-1865 national reunification period
Freedom Summer · Black Power · Great Society · Martin Luther King Jr. · March on Washington