caliph
Muhammad's political heir
A caliph is a Muslim political and religious leader regarded as the successor to the Prophet Muhammad.
The title historically designated rulers of Islamic empires, particularly the caliphates that governed much of the Middle East and North Africa.
The word appears most often in historical contexts: the caliph of Baghdad, the Ottoman caliph.
Muslim royal ruler
- emirArab noble title
- vizierMuslim government's chief minister
- throneCeremonial chair for sovereigns
- reignSovereign's time in power
succession · dynasty · sovereign · authority · dominion · commander · Ottoman · Baghdad
Second Rashidun caliph
- AliArabic name, "sublime"
- SaladinTwelfth-century sultan, Jerusalem's captor
- conquestDefeating and seizing control
- expansionIncrease in scope
Harun al-Rashid · golden age · House of Wisdom · chronicle · manuscript · civilization · legacy · empire
Muslim religious guide
- shariaMuslim canonical jurisprudence
- fatwaIslamic legal pronouncement
- Friday prayerWeekly Islamic congregational worship
- sermonClergy's worship address
successor · Muhammad · Quran · Mecca · Medina · Sunni · Shiite · legitimacy
How authority is exercised
- administrationOrganizational oversight and control
- statecraftArt of government
- sovereigntySupreme independent authority
- territoryLand under jurisdiction
diplomacy · taxation · military · judge · appointment · centralization · province · governor
sultan
Muslim royal ruler
reign · succession · dynasty · sovereign · authority · dominion · commander · Ottoman · Baghdad · Damascus
Umar
Second Rashidun caliph
- AliArabic name, "sublime"
- SaladinTwelfth-century sultan, Jerusalem's captor
- conquestDefeating and seizing control
Harun al-Rashid · expansion · golden age · House of Wisdom · chronicle · manuscript · civilization · legacy · empire · medieval
imam
Muslim religious guide
- shariaMuslim canonical jurisprudence
- fatwaIslamic legal pronouncement
- Friday prayerWeekly Islamic congregational worship
sermon · successor · Muhammad · Quran · Mecca · Medina · Sunni · Shiite · legitimacy · spiritual authority
governance
How authority is exercised
- administrationOrganizational oversight and control
- statecraftArt of government
- sovereigntySupreme independent authority
territory · diplomacy · taxation · military · judge · appointment · centralization · province · governor · legitimacy
- Eastern Titlesshah, sultan, emir, amir, khan
- royaltyking, queen, prince, princess, kings
- Royalty & Nobilityking, queen, prince, princess, duke
- ancient nobilitypharaoh, emperor, king, queen, prince
- Arabian folkloreAladdin, Ali Baba, Arabian Nights, djinn, genie
- Arabian NightsAladdin, Scheherazade, Ali Baba, Arabian Nights, Sinbad
- Umayyad CaliphateEarly Islamic dynastic empire
- Sokoto CaliphateFulani-led Islamic state, Nigeria
- Fatimid CaliphateShia dynasty ruling medieval Egypt
- Rashidun CaliphateFirst major Islamic successor state