genotypes
Organisms' genetic codes
Genotypes are the genetic constitutions of organisms—the specific combination of genes inherited from parents.
In genetics, genotype contrasts with phenotype: genotype is the underlying genetic code, phenotype is the observable traits that result.
The genotypes of identical twins are the same.
Scientists genotype organisms to identify genetic variants associated with disease or other characteristics.
Variant forms of genes
- lociPositions or places
- chromosomesGene-bearing nuclear structures
- nucleotidesDNA and RNA subunits
- DNAHereditary code molecule
adenine · thymine · cytosine · guanine · codons · polymorphisms · sequencing · replication
Pertaining to inheritance laws
- dominantHaving superior influence
- recessiveMasked unless paired identically
- homozygousHaving identical alleles
- heterozygousHaving unlike gene variants
crosses · sex-linked · codominance · monohybrid · carrier · segregation · pedigree · penetrance
Alterations in genetic sequence
- polymorphismsGenetic sequence variations
- heterozygosityPaired unlike gene variants
- insertionsThings put into another
- deletionsActs of removing content
microsatellites · wild-type · mutant · variant · bottleneck · recombination
Fitting to new conditions
- fitnessGood physical shape
- speciationFormation of distinct species
- phylogenyEvolutionary relationships among organisms
- divergenceSeparation from common origin
Darwinism · coevolution · evolvability · ancestral · derived · phylogenetics
Descent from progenitors
- genealogyStudy of family descent
- descentDownward slope or lineage
- bloodlineAncestry through generations
- pedigreeRecord of descent
forebears · progenitors · roots · haplogroups · admixture
alleles
Variant forms of genes
- lociPositions or places
- chromosomesGene-bearing nuclear structures
- nucleotidesDNA and RNA subunits
DNA · adenine · thymine · cytosine · guanine · codons · polymorphisms · sequencing · replication · transcription
Mendelian
Pertaining to inheritance laws
- dominantHaving superior influence
- recessiveMasked unless paired identically
- homozygousHaving identical alleles
heterozygous · crosses · sex-linked · codominance · monohybrid · carrier · segregation · pedigree · penetrance · expressivity
mutations
Alterations in genetic sequence
- polymorphismsGenetic sequence variations
- heterozygosityPaired unlike gene variants
- insertionsThings put into another
deletions · microsatellites · wild-type · mutant · variant · bottleneck · recombination
adaptation
Fitting to new conditions
- fitnessGood physical shape
- speciationFormation of distinct species
- phylogenyEvolutionary relationships among organisms
divergence · Darwinism · coevolution · evolvability · ancestral · derived · phylogenetics
lineage
Descent from progenitors
- genealogyStudy of family descent
- descentDownward slope or lineage
- bloodlineAncestry through generations
pedigree · forebears · progenitors · roots · haplogroups · admixture
- geneticsDNA, allele, genes, gene, chromosomes
- germplasmgermplasm, seed banks, gene pools, genetic material, seeds
- plantstree, plants, leaves, bluebonnet, trees
genotypesphenotypes
Observable organism characteristics
physical traits · morphology · behavioral traits · appearance · physiology
genotypesenvironment
External conditions affecting life
environmental factors · nurture · acquired traits · environmental influences · epigenetics