volcanism
Magma reaching surface
Volcanism is geological activity involving the movement of molten rock from Earth's interior to its surface.
The term covers everything from quiet lava flows to explosive eruptions, as well as related phenomena like geysers, hot springs, and volcanic gases.
Scientists study volcanism to understand planetary formation and predict eruptions: The volcanism on Io makes it the most geologically active body in our solar system.
Combustion's powdery remains
- plumeOrnamental feather or rising column
- pyroclasticHot eruption debris
- explosionViolent burst of energy
- ventOpening for airflow
crater · caldera · pumice · tephra · lahar · fumarole · geyser · sulfur
Layered cone-shaped volcanic mountain
- shieldHandheld defensive armor
- calderaCollapsed volcanic summit basin
- craterImpact or volcanic basin
- coneTapered solid, circular base
vent · fissure · dome · seamount · hotspot · island · archipelago · neck
Fine-grained volcanic stone
- andesiteIntermediate volcanic rock
- aaSharp, blocky lava flow
- obsidianGlassy igneous rock
- scoriaPorous volcanic ejecta
molten · magma · silica · viscosity · flow · tube · lake · crust
Flat dish for food
- subductionPlate descending beneath another
- riftCrack or estrangement
- convergenceProcess of approaching sameness
- divergenceSeparation from common origin
mantle · lithosphere · asthenosphere · hotspot · crust · magma chamber · continental · oceanic
Hot volcanic gas-debris mixture
- laharVolcanic debris flow
- ashfallAirborne volcanic debris descending
- lava bombMolten rock projectile
- toxic gasHarmful airborne substance
mudflow · tsunami · wildfire · evacuation · destruction · devastation · catastrophe · disaster
Study of ground tremors
- geophysicsPhysics of planetary structure
- monitoringOngoing observation of something
- predictionForecast of coming events
- fieldworkResearch conducted on location
sampling · paleomagnetism · petrology · geochemistry · thermophile · research · observatory · survey
ash
Combustion's powdery remains
- plumeOrnamental feather or rising column
- pyroclasticHot eruption debris
- explosionViolent burst of energy
vent · crater · caldera · pumice · tephra · lahar · fumarole · geyser · sulfur · smoke
stratovolcano
Layered cone-shaped volcanic mountain
cone · vent · fissure · dome · seamount · hotspot · island · archipelago · neck · plug
basalt
Fine-grained volcanic stone
scoria · molten · magma · silica · viscosity · flow · tube · lake · crust · igneous
plate
Flat dish for food
- subductionPlate descending beneath another
- riftCrack or estrangement
- convergenceProcess of approaching sameness
divergence · mantle · lithosphere · asthenosphere · hotspot · crust · magma chamber · continental · oceanic · trench
pyroclastic flow
Hot volcanic gas-debris mixture
toxic gas · mudflow · tsunami · wildfire · evacuation · destruction · devastation · catastrophe · disaster · collapse
seismology
Study of ground tremors
- geophysicsPhysics of planetary structure
- monitoringOngoing observation of something
- predictionForecast of coming events
fieldwork · sampling · paleomagnetism · petrology · geochemistry · thermophile · research · observatory · survey · dating
- planetary scienceplanetary cores, planet formation, planetary formation, planetary rings, atmospheres
- earth scienceatmosphere, earthquake, geology, crust, eruption
- geologybedrock, fault lines, faults, rock, basalt
- Natural Processesphotosynthesis, decomposition, evaporation, erosion, carbon cycle
- Earth processesplate tectonics, erosion, weathering, sedimentation, earthquakes
- Earth Sciencesgeology, geoscience, earth science, meteorology, oceanography
volcanismerosion
Gradual wearing away
weathering · denudation · glacial erosion · degradation · sedimentation
- volcanic eruptionExplosive geological discharge
- volcanic islandsLand formed by underwater eruptions
- volcanic rockCooled magma material
- volcanic craterDepression from eruption
- volcanic activityGeological heat release
- volcanic ashFragmented rock from eruptions