transduction
Energy form change
Transduction is the conversion of a signal or stimulus from one form to another.
In biology, cells transduce signals when receptors convert external stimuli into internal responses—light striking the retina becomes nerve impulses.
In genetics, transduction is the transfer of DNA between bacteria via viruses.
In technology, transducers convert energy: microphones transduce sound waves into electrical signals, speakers do the reverse.
Signal-receiving molecule
- kinasePhosphate-transferring enzyme
- phosphorylationPhosphate group attachment process
- cascadeSuccessive downward flow
- pathwayDesignated route for travel
calcium · effector · ligand · amplification · feedback · inhibition · activation · phosphatase
Virus infecting bacterial cells
- phageBacteria-infecting virus
- generalizedMade widely applicable
- specializedAdapted for particular function
- donorOne who contributes freely
Sensory cell for pressure
- photoreceptorCell responding to light
- chemoreceptorSensory unit detecting chemicals
- cochleaSpiral hearing organ
- retinaLight-sensing tissue layer
stimulus · sensation · afferent · depolarization · proprioceptor · thermoreceptor · baroreceptor · vestibular
Light-to-sugar conversion in plants
- mitochondriaCell's energy-producing organelles
- chloroplastLight-harvesting cell structure
- bioenergeticsStudy of biological energy
- electrochemicalInvolving electricity and chemistry
piezoelectric · thermoelectric · photovoltaic · bioluminescence
receptor
Signal-receiving molecule
- kinasePhosphate-transferring enzyme
- phosphorylationPhosphate group attachment process
- cascadeSuccessive downward flow
pathway · calcium · effector · ligand · amplification · feedback · inhibition · activation · phosphatase · downstream
bacteriophage
Virus infecting bacterial cells
- phageBacteria-infecting virus
- generalizedMade widely applicable
- specializedAdapted for particular function
donor · recipient · recombination · packaging · headful
mechanoreceptor
Sensory cell for pressure
- photoreceptorCell responding to light
- chemoreceptorSensory unit detecting chemicals
- cochleaSpiral hearing organ
retina · stimulus · sensation · afferent · depolarization · proprioceptor · thermoreceptor · baroreceptor · vestibular · somatosensory
photosynthesis
Light-to-sugar conversion in plants
- mitochondriaCell's energy-producing organelles
- chloroplastLight-harvesting cell structure
- bioenergeticsStudy of biological energy
electrochemical · piezoelectric · thermoelectric · photovoltaic · bioluminescence
biosensor
Biological chemical detection device
- bioreactorVessel for growing organisms
- cell signalingreceptor, ligand, receptors, signaling, kinase
- Bacterial Geneticsplasmid, plasmids, operon, conjugation, lac operon
- CAR-T therapyCRS, apheresis, manufacturing process, cryopreservation, bioreactor
- Genetic Engineeringcloning, CRISPR, gene splicing, gene therapy, GMOs
- Molecular Biologyreplication, transcription, translation, gene expression, gene regulation
- Virologyviral replication, viral shedding, bacteriophage, tropism, DNA virus
transductiontransmission
Sending of information
amplification · conduction · passthrough · relay · propagation
- sensory transductionConverting stimuli to neural impulses
reduce, produce, conduct, introduce, transfer, educate, deduce, induce, duct