phosphorylation
Adding phosphate groups
Phosphorylation is the biochemical process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, most commonly a protein.
This modification acts like a molecular switch, turning cellular processes on or off and regulating everything from metabolism to cell division.
Enzymes called kinases perform phosphorylation, while phosphatases reverse it by removing phosphate groups.
Abnormal phosphorylation patterns are implicated in diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's.
Phosphate-transferring enzyme
- tyrosine kinasePhosphotransferase for proteins
- active siteEnzyme region binding substrates
- cofactorEnzyme-activating compound
Setting into operation
- inhibitionMental check on behavior
- feedbackReturned response data
- modulationVarying signals to transmit
- upregulationIncreased cellular expression
downregulation · reversible · acetylation · methylation · checkpoint
Cell's energy molecule
- ADPPayroll processing firm
- serineProtein-forming amino acid
- threonineEssential amino acid
- tyrosineProtein-building amino acid
nucleotide · adenosine · GTP
Signal-receiving molecule
- cascadeSuccessive downward flow
- pathwayDesignated route for travel
- gene expressionDNA to functional product
- amplificationIncrease in intensity
Glucose metabolism producing ATP
- bioenergeticsStudy of biological energy
- energy transferPower moving between systems
- mitochondriaCell's energy-producing organelles
- catabolismMetabolic molecular dismantling
anabolism · cellular respiration · pyruvate · intermediates · cytoplasm · coenzyme · GTP
Inspection station on route
- mitosisNuclear division producing identical cells
- interphasePre-division growth stage
- cell divisionParent splitting into offspring
- DNA replicationDuplicating genetic material
kinase
Phosphate-transferring enzyme
- tyrosine kinasePhosphotransferase for proteins
- active siteEnzyme region binding substrates
- cofactorEnzyme-activating compound
activation
Setting into operation
- inhibitionMental check on behavior
- feedbackReturned response data
- modulationVarying signals to transmit
upregulation · downregulation · reversible · acetylation · methylation · checkpoint
ATP
Cell's energy molecule
tyrosine · nucleotide · adenosine · GTP
receptor
Signal-receiving molecule
- cascadeSuccessive downward flow
- pathwayDesignated route for travel
- gene expressionDNA to functional product
glycolysis
Glucose metabolism producing ATP
- bioenergeticsStudy of biological energy
- energy transferPower moving between systems
- mitochondriaCell's energy-producing organelles
catabolism · anabolism · cellular respiration · pyruvate · intermediates · cytoplasm · coenzyme · GTP
checkpoint
Inspection station on route
- mitosisNuclear division producing identical cells
- interphasePre-division growth stage
- cell divisionParent splitting into offspring
phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphate, phosphorus, phosphates, phosphorescent, phosphor, phosphatase, phosphoric, phospholipids