ruminants
Four-stomached livestock group
Ruminants are hoofed mammals that chew cud—cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and their relatives.
These animals have multi-chambered stomachs that allow them to digest tough plant matter by regurgitating and rechewing it.
The word comes from the same root as ruminate, which extends the image of cud-chewing to turning thoughts over repeatedly in the mind.
Rechewed stomach contents
- chewingCrushing food orally
- regurgitationEjecting swallowed material
- fermentationMicrobial sugar conversion
- foregutAnterior alimentary canal portion
reticulum · rumen · abomasum · microbes · bacteria · protozoa · methane · cellulose
Antlered hoofed mammal
- elkLarge North American cervid
- mooseLargest cervid, northern forests
- caribouNorth American arctic deer
- reindeerArctic deer species
antelope · gazelle · impala · kudu · giraffe · okapi · pronghorn · wildebeest
Domesticated bovines kept commercially
- cowFemale bovine
- bullSteer before castration
- steerDirect movement or castrated bull
- heiferChildless female cattle
calf · oxen · dairy · beef · milking · herd · livestock · stockyard
Grazing ground for livestock
- forageSeek food actively
- grasslandTreeless herb-covered ecosystem
- meadowGrassy field for grazing
- browseSurvey without intent
fodder · alfalfa · clover · silage · herbage · savanna · steppe · prairie
cud
Rechewed stomach contents
- chewingCrushing food orally
- regurgitationEjecting swallowed material
- fermentationMicrobial sugar conversion
foregut · reticulum · rumen · abomasum · microbes · bacteria · protozoa · methane · cellulose · bolus
deer
Antlered hoofed mammal
- elkLarge North American cervid
- mooseLargest cervid, northern forests
- caribouNorth American arctic deer
reindeer · antelope · gazelle · impala · kudu · giraffe · okapi · pronghorn · wildebeest · bison
cattle
Domesticated bovines kept commercially
heifer · calf · oxen · dairy · beef · milking · herd · livestock · stockyard · barnyard
sheep
Woolly farm animal
lamb · kid · flock · wool · fleece · mutton · chevon · cashmere · mohair · angora
pasture
Grazing ground for livestock
browse · fodder · alfalfa · clover · silage · herbage · savanna · steppe · prairie · veld
ungulate
Mammal with hooves
- cloven-hoofedHaving divided feet
- hoovesUngulate foot coverings
- hornsBony animal projections
antlers · rumen · hide · leather · tallow · dewlap · muzzle · even-toed · herbivore · mammal
camel
Humped desert mammal
guanaco · dromedary · hump · caravan · pack animal · desert · wool · fiber
- chewersgnawers, cows, goats, sheep, deer
- vertebratesmammals, mammal, birds, bird, reptiles
- Anaerobic Processesanaerobic respiration, anaerobe, glycolysis, fermentation, denitrification