carbonyl
Aldehyde's reactive center
Carbonyl refers to a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O), one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry.
This arrangement appears in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.
As an adjective, carbonyl describes compounds containing this group: carbonyl compounds, carbonyl carbon.
In inorganic chemistry, metal carbonyls are coordination compounds where carbon monoxide binds to metal atoms.
Carbonyl between two carbons
Forming esters chemically
- reductionMaking something smaller
- oxidationLosing electrons chemically
- hydrationBodily fluid replenishment
- condensationVapor turning to liquid
State of opposing forces
- dipoleSeparated opposite charges
- electronegativityAtomic electron attraction strength
- resonanceAmplified oscillation at natural frequency
- hybridizationMixing distinct genetic lines
Colorless pungent preservative gas
- acetaldehydeSimplest two-carbon aldehyde
- phosgeneToxic carbonyl chloride gas
- polyurethaneVersatile synthetic resin compound
- polycarbonateStrong transparent synthetic polymer
nylon · polyester · plasticizer · solvent · resin · coating · adhesive
Three-carbon acid from glycolysis
- citrateSalt of citrus acid
- alpha-ketoglutarateTricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite
- glycolysisGlucose metabolism producing ATP
- beta-oxidationFatty acid breakdown pathway
ketogenesis · prostaglandins · retinal · thiamine · dehydrogenase · transferase · metabolism
ketone
Carbonyl between two carbons
esterification
Forming esters chemically
- reductionMaking something smaller
- oxidationLosing electrons chemically
- hydrationBodily fluid replenishment
condensation · tautomerism · decarboxylation · hydrolysis · saponification
polarity
State of opposing forces
- dipoleSeparated opposite charges
- electronegativityAtomic electron attraction strength
- resonanceAmplified oscillation at natural frequency
infrared
Heat-bearing electromagnetic waves
- fragmentationBreaking into smaller pieces
formaldehyde
Colorless pungent preservative gas
- acetaldehydeSimplest two-carbon aldehyde
- phosgeneToxic carbonyl chloride gas
- polyurethaneVersatile synthetic resin compound
polycarbonate · nylon · polyester · plasticizer · solvent · resin · coating · adhesive
pyruvate
Three-carbon acid from glycolysis
- citrateSalt of citrus acid
- alpha-ketoglutarateTricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite
- glycolysisGlucose metabolism producing ATP
beta-oxidation · ketogenesis · prostaglandins · retinal · thiamine · dehydrogenase · transferase · metabolism
- carbon monoxideToxic combustion byproduct gas
- carbon copyIdentical reproduction of something
- carbon dioxideRespiration byproduct, photosynthesis fuel
- carbon copiesIdentical reproductions of documents
- carbon emissionsReleased greenhouse gases
- carbon footprintTotal greenhouse gases produced