monosaccharide
Basic carbohydrate unit
A monosaccharide is the simplest form of sugar—a single molecule that cannot be broken down into smaller carbohydrates.
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common examples.
These basic units link together to form more complex sugars: two monosaccharides make a disaccharide (like table sugar), while long chains form polysaccharides (like starch).
Tasting of sugar
- tasteFlavor perception ability
- sugarCrystalline carbohydrate sweetener
- honeyBees' viscous nectar product
- nectarFloral sugar water
fruit · syrup · sweetener · fructose · glucose · confectionery · ripeness · natural sugar
Ketone-bearing simple sugar
- pentoseFive-carbon monosaccharide
- hexoseSix-carbon monosaccharide
- isomerSame formula, different shape
- chiralityMirror-image non-superimposability
stereoisomer · enantiomer · alpha · beta · anomeric carbon · Haworth projection · Fischer projection
Primary cellular fuel
- fructoseMonosaccharide in produce
- galactoseMonosaccharide from lactose breakdown
- ribosePentose in nucleotides
- deoxyriboseSugar in genetic helices
Glucose metabolism producing ATP
- phosphorylationPhosphate group attachment process
- metabolismCellular nutrient conversion
- cellular respirationCell-level fuel burning
- pyruvateThree-carbon acid from glycolysis
ATP · fermentation · enzyme · reduction · oxidation · hydrolysis
Hereditary code molecule
- RNAGene expression molecule
- nucleotideGenetic code subunit
- cell wallRigid cellular outer layer
- glycoproteinProtein bonded to carbohydrates
blood sugar · energy source · photosynthesis · sucrose · lactose · starch · cellulose · glycogen
sweet
Tasting of sugar
- tasteFlavor perception ability
- sugarCrystalline carbohydrate sweetener
- honeyBees' viscous nectar product
nectar · fruit · syrup · sweetener · fructose · glucose · confectionery · ripeness · natural sugar · caloric
ketose
Ketone-bearing simple sugar
chirality · stereoisomer · enantiomer · alpha · beta · anomeric carbon · Haworth projection · Fischer projection
glucose
Primary cellular fuel
glycolysis
Glucose metabolism producing ATP
- phosphorylationPhosphate group attachment process
- metabolismCellular nutrient conversion
- cellular respirationCell-level fuel burning
pyruvate · ATP · fermentation · enzyme · reduction · oxidation · hydrolysis
DNA
Hereditary code molecule
- RNAGene expression molecule
- nucleotideGenetic code subunit
- cell wallRigid cellular outer layer
glycoprotein · blood sugar · energy source · photosynthesis · sucrose · lactose · starch · cellulose · glycogen
- Biochemicalsamino acid, amino acids, protein, proteins, DNA
- carbohydratesglucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, starch
- sugarsglucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, dextrose
- monomersmonomer, ethylene, styrene, propylene, isoprene
- sugar testsglucose test, blood glucose test
- sweetenerssugar, honey, maple syrup, brown sugar, white sugar
monosaccharidepolysaccharide
Chained sugar molecule
complex carbohydrate · starch · cellulose · glycogen · disaccharide