calderas
Collapsed volcano tops
Calderas are large volcanic craters formed when a volcano collapses into itself after an eruption empties its magma chamber.
Unlike the cone-shaped craters at volcanic peaks, calderas are basin-like depressions that can span miles: Yellowstone sits atop one of the world's largest calderas.
Some fill with water to form crater lakes.
Violent sudden release
- magmaMolten rock underground
- lavaErupted liquid stone
- supervolcanoMassive eruption-capable geological formation
- pyroclasticHot eruption debris
ashfall · tuff · pumice · scoria · tephra · lahar · fumarole · resurgent
Concave water receptacle
- depressionProlonged low state
- craterImpact or volcanic basin
- rimCircular outer boundary
- lakeEnclosed body of freshwater
valley · terrain · vista · panorama · highlands · wilderness · scenic · hiking
Heated groundwater emerging naturally
- geysersErupting thermal water sources
- fumarolesVolcanic gas vents
- sulfurYellow combustible element
- steamHeated water's gaseous form
hydrothermal · boiling · heat · minerals · vents · mudpots · Yellowstone · Rotorua
Pale volcanic igneous rock
- andesiteIntermediate volcanic rock
- basaltFine-grained volcanic stone
- silica-richHigh silicon dioxide content
- lithosphereCrust plus upper mantle
tectonic · subsidence · magma chamber · resurgence · trapdoor · nested
eruption
Violent sudden release
- magmaMolten rock underground
- lavaErupted liquid stone
- supervolcanoMassive eruption-capable geological formation
pyroclastic · ashfall · tuff · pumice · scoria · tephra · lahar · fumarole · resurgent · collapse
basin
Concave water receptacle
- depressionProlonged low state
- craterImpact or volcanic basin
- rimCircular outer boundary
lake · valley · terrain · vista · panorama · highlands · wilderness · scenic · hiking · overlook
hot springs
Heated groundwater emerging naturally
steam · hydrothermal · boiling · heat · minerals · vents · mudpots · Yellowstone · Rotorua · geothermal energy
rhyolite
Pale volcanic igneous rock
- andesiteIntermediate volcanic rock
- basaltFine-grained volcanic stone
- silica-richHigh silicon dioxide content
lithosphere · tectonic · subsidence · magma chamber · resurgence · trapdoor · nested
- geologybedrock, fault lines, faults, rock, basalt
- landformsmountain, cliff, valley, volcano, mountain ridge
- volcanoesvolcano, volcanic eruption, Mount Fuji, volcanic eruptions, lava
- natural wondersnorthern lights, aurora borealis, auroras, rainbows, Great Barrier Reef
- Volcanic PlacesRing of Fire, Hawaii, Iceland, Indonesia, Yellowstone
- American geologyGrand Canyon, Yellowstone, Rocky Mountains, Appalachians, Sierra Nevada
calderasvolcanic cones
Vent-formed geological mounds
stratovolcanoes · cinder cones · volcanic peaks · shield volcanoes · lava domes
- Yellowstone CalderaVolcanic depression in Wyoming