sonoporation
Sound-induced cell entry
Sonoporation is a technique that uses ultrasound waves to temporarily open pores in cell membranes, allowing drugs, genes, or other molecules to enter cells that would otherwise resist them.
The method is being developed for targeted drug delivery and gene therapy: Sonoporation could help chemotherapy agents penetrate tumor cells more effectively.
Inaudible high-frequency waves
- microbubblesGas-filled microscopic spheres
- cavitationPressure-induced void creation
- membraneThin tissue sheet
- poresMinute dermal openings
acoustic · oscillation · pressure · waves · transient · disruption · permeability · mechanical stress
Conveying medicine to tissues
- plasmidSelf-replicating DNA circle
- nanoparticlesUltrafine material fragments
- chemotherapyAnti-cancer drug treatment
- intracellularWithin cell membranes
payload · macromolecules · targeted delivery · localized treatment · antibodies · nucleic acids
Gel surrounding the nucleus
- endocytosisCell engulfs external material
- cytotoxicityHarmfulness to living cells
- apoptosisProgrammed cell death
- necrosisLocalized cell death
reversible · calcium influx · recovery · survival rate · stem cells · monolayer · spheroids · organoids
Treatment for malignant disease
- blood-brain barrierProtective cerebral filtration system
- in vivoWithin living tissue
- in vitroIn an artificial environment
- clinical trialsControlled health research experiments
oncology · targeted therapy · image-guided · immunotherapy · vaccination · wound healing · ophthalmology · cardiology
Energy form converter
- frequencyRate of recurrence
- intensityStrength or force level
- duty cycleOn-time versus total time
- exposure timeDuration light hits sensor
parameters · optimization · apparatus · monitoring · megahertz · waveform · calibration · reproducibility
ultrasound
Inaudible high-frequency waves
- microbubblesGas-filled microscopic spheres
- cavitationPressure-induced void creation
- membraneThin tissue sheet
pores · acoustic · oscillation · pressure · waves · transient · disruption · permeability · mechanical stress · shear forces
drug delivery
Conveying medicine to tissues
- plasmidSelf-replicating DNA circle
- nanoparticlesUltrafine material fragments
- chemotherapyAnti-cancer drug treatment
intracellular · payload · macromolecules · targeted delivery · localized treatment · antibodies · nucleic acids
cytoplasm
Gel surrounding the nucleus
- endocytosisCell engulfs external material
- cytotoxicityHarmfulness to living cells
- apoptosisProgrammed cell death
necrosis · reversible · calcium influx · recovery · survival rate · stem cells · monolayer · spheroids · organoids
cancer therapy
Treatment for malignant disease
- blood-brain barrierProtective cerebral filtration system
- in vivoWithin living tissue
- in vitroIn an artificial environment
clinical trials · oncology · targeted therapy · image-guided · immunotherapy · vaccination · wound healing · ophthalmology · cardiology · neurology
transducer
Energy form converter
- frequencyRate of recurrence
- intensityStrength or force level
- duty cycleOn-time versus total time
exposure time · parameters · optimization · apparatus · monitoring · megahertz · waveform · calibration · reproducibility
- gene deliveryviral vector, lentivirus, adenovirus, retrovirus, plasmid
- gene transfertransfection, microinjection, calcium phosphate, transduction, plasmid
- ultrasonicstransducer, ultrasonic cleaning, fish finder, sonogram, echosounder