polyploid
Extra chromosome sets
Polyploid describes a cell or organism with more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
Most animals are diploid (two sets), but polyploidy is common in plants—many crops like wheat and strawberries are polyploid, which often results in larger cells and fruits.
Polyploid varieties tend to be hardier than their diploid relatives.
Bred plant variety
- hybridizationMixing distinct genetic lines
- crossbreedingMating unlike organisms
- seedlessLacking inner kernels
- varietyState of being diverse
propagation · horticulture · domestication · selection · wheat · strawberry · banana · cotton
Organism's total hereditary material
- allelesVariant forms of genes
- genotypeOrganism's complete allele set
- DNAHereditary code molecule
- mutationPermanent DNA alteration
gene · locus · recombination · phenotype · inheritance · sequencing · heritability · transcription
Organized chromosome display
- chromosomeDNA strand carrying genes
- meiosisGamete-producing cell division
- cytogeneticsChromosome structure and inheritance science
- mosaicismMixed genetic makeup
Formation of distinct species
- hybridizationMixing distinct genetic lines
- macroevolutionEvolutionary change above species
- phylogeneticsScience of ancestral relationships
Nuclear division producing identical cells
- cytokinesisCytoplasmic division after mitosis
- interphasePre-division growth stage
- spindleRotating rod for thread
- nucleusCentral controlling part
Offspring surpassing both parents
- robustnessResistance to failure
- fitnessGood physical shape
- resilienceCapacity to recover quickly
- colonizationForeign territorial takeover
cultivar
Bred plant variety
- hybridizationMixing distinct genetic lines
- crossbreedingMating unlike organisms
- seedlessLacking inner kernels
variety · propagation · horticulture · domestication · selection · wheat · strawberry · banana · cotton · sugarcane
genome
Organism's total hereditary material
mutation · gene · locus · recombination · phenotype · inheritance · sequencing · heritability · transcription · replication
karyotype
Organized chromosome display
- chromosomeDNA strand carrying genes
- meiosisGamete-producing cell division
- cytogeneticsChromosome structure and inheritance science
mosaicism · translocation · centromere · chromatid · trisomy
speciation
Formation of distinct species
- hybridizationMixing distinct genetic lines
- macroevolutionEvolutionary change above species
- phylogeneticsScience of ancestral relationships
mitosis
Nuclear division producing identical cells
- cytokinesisCytoplasmic division after mitosis
- interphasePre-division growth stage
- spindleRotating rod for thread
heterosis
Offspring surpassing both parents
- robustnessResistance to failure
- fitnessGood physical shape
- resilienceCapacity to recover quickly