cytoplasms
Cellular jelly contents
Cytoplasms is the plural of cytoplasm, the gel-like substance filling the interior of a cell, excluding the nucleus.
The cytoplasm contains organelles, enzymes, and the molecular machinery that keeps cells alive.
The plural appears in comparative biology: The cytoplasms of plant and animal cells differ in composition.
Specialized cell subunits
- cytoskeletonInternal protein support structure
- ribosomesCellular translation machinery
- mitochondriaCell's energy-producing organelles
- lysosomesOrganelles containing breakdown enzymes
peroxisomes · vesicles · chloroplasts · vacuoles · cell membrane · microtubules · centrosome · inclusions
Reaction-speeding proteins
- ATPCell's energy molecule
- glycolysisGlucose metabolism producing ATP
- respirationGas exchange in organisms
- catabolismMetabolic molecular dismantling
anabolism · oxidation · phosphorylation · metabolites · coenzymes · NADH · substrate · biochemistry
Cytoplasmic division after mitosis
- mitosisNuclear division producing identical cells
- meiosisGamete-producing cell division
- cell divisionParent splitting into offspring
- daughter cellsCells from division
Cell engulfs external material
- exocytosisVesicular release from cells
- phagocytosisCellular ingestion of particles
- autophagyCellular self-degradation process
- secretionSubstance released by glands
organelles
Specialized cell subunits
- cytoskeletonInternal protein support structure
- ribosomesCellular translation machinery
- mitochondriaCell's energy-producing organelles
lysosomes · peroxisomes · vesicles · chloroplasts · vacuoles · cell membrane · microtubules · centrosome · inclusions · granules
enzymes
Reaction-speeding proteins
- ATPCell's energy molecule
- glycolysisGlucose metabolism producing ATP
- respirationGas exchange in organisms
catabolism · anabolism · oxidation · phosphorylation · metabolites · coenzymes · NADH · substrate · biochemistry · fermentation
cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic division after mitosis
- mitosisNuclear division producing identical cells
- meiosisGamete-producing cell division
- cell divisionParent splitting into offspring
endocytosis
Cell engulfs external material
- exocytosisVesicular release from cells
- phagocytosisCellular ingestion of particles
- autophagyCellular self-degradation process
myosin
Motor protein enabling contraction
cytoplasmsnucleus
Central controlling part
nuclei · nucleoplasm · chromatin · nuclear envelope · nucleolus