centromeres
Spindle fiber anchors
Centromeres are the constricted regions of chromosomes where the two halves (sister chromatids) are joined and where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
Each chromosome has one centromere, essential for proper separation when cells divide: The centromeres aligned at the cell's equator before the chromosomes pulled apart.
Nuclear division producing identical cells
- meiosisGamete-producing cell division
- segregationForced separation by group
- anaphaseChromatid separation stage
- metaphaseChromosomal equator formation stage
cell division · separation · alignment · checkpoint · bipolar · equator · pulling · migration
Replicated chromosome copy
- chromosomeDNA strand carrying genes
- constrictionTightening or narrowing action
- spindleRotating rod for thread
- satellite DNARepetitive non-coding chromosomal sequences
nucleosome · chromatin · cohesion · histone · microtubule · scaffold · condensation
Uncontrolled cell proliferation disease
- birth defectsAbnormalities present from delivery
- Down syndromeThird chromosome 21 present
- trisomyThree chromosomes, not two
- CINPrecancerous cervical condition
tumor · infertility · miscarriage · mosaicism · genetic disorder · aging
Chromosome sequence visualization method
- karyotypingVisualizing chromosomal arrangement
- microscopyTechnique using powerful lenses
- epigeneticAffecting gene expression, not sequence
- evolutionSpecies changing over generations
cytogenetics · labeling · visualization · mapping · sequencing · CRISPR · yeast · Drosophila
mitosis
Nuclear division producing identical cells
- meiosisGamete-producing cell division
- segregationForced separation by group
- anaphaseChromatid separation stage
metaphase · cell division · separation · alignment · checkpoint · bipolar · equator · pulling · migration · disjunction
chromatid
Replicated chromosome copy
- chromosomeDNA strand carrying genes
- constrictionTightening or narrowing action
- spindleRotating rod for thread
satellite DNA · nucleosome · chromatin · cohesion · histone · microtubule · scaffold · condensation
cancer
Uncontrolled cell proliferation disease
- birth defectsAbnormalities present from delivery
- Down syndromeThird chromosome 21 present
- trisomyThree chromosomes, not two
CIN · tumor · infertility · miscarriage · mosaicism · genetic disorder · aging
FISH
Chromosome sequence visualization method
- karyotypingVisualizing chromosomal arrangement
- microscopyTechnique using powerful lenses
- epigeneticAffecting gene expression, not sequence
evolution · cytogenetics · labeling · visualization · mapping · sequencing · CRISPR · yeast · Drosophila