kulaks
Soviet-era rural bourgeoisie
Kulaks were peasant farmers in Russia who owned enough land and livestock to employ hired labor.
Soviet authorities classified them as class enemies during collectivization in the late 1920s and 1930s, subjecting them to deportation, imprisonment, and execution.
The term carried deliberately vague boundaries, allowing officials to target anyone deemed insufficiently cooperative with collectivization: His grandfather was denounced as a kulak and sent to Siberia.
Forced communal ownership transfer
- dispossessionDeprival of property rights
- expropriationGovernment taking private property
- deportationLegal expulsion from country
- exileBanishment from homeland
repression · liquidation · scapegoated · confiscation · purges · denunciation · stigmatized · disenfranchised
Low-ranking agricultural workers
- landownersHolders of real property
- bourgeoisieCapitalist ownership class
- propertiedOwning substantial assets
- yeomenMinor landholders or guards
Cultivation of land, livestock
- harvestGathering mature crops
- grainCereal plant's harvest unit
- livestockDomesticated farm animals
- cultivationFostering growth through care
plowing · sowing · husbandry · acreage · homestead · tillage · crops · surplus
Soviet autocrat, mid-century
- BolsheviksLenin's revolutionary party
- communismCollective ownership system
- USSRFormer communist superpower
- propagandaBiased information for influence
agitprop · Pravda · commissars · wreckers · hoarding · sabotage · famine
collectivization
Forced communal ownership transfer
- dispossessionDeprival of property rights
- expropriationGovernment taking private property
- deportationLegal expulsion from country
exile · repression · liquidation · scapegoated · confiscation · purges · denunciation · stigmatized · disenfranchised · blacklisted
peasants
Low-ranking agricultural workers
- landownersHolders of real property
- bourgeoisieCapitalist ownership class
- propertiedOwning substantial assets
agriculture
Cultivation of land, livestock
cultivation · plowing · sowing · husbandry · acreage · homestead · tillage · crops · surplus · mills
Stalin
Soviet autocrat, mid-century
- BolsheviksLenin's revolutionary party
- communismCollective ownership system
- USSRFormer communist superpower
propaganda · agitprop · Pravda · commissars · wreckers · hoarding · sabotage · famine
kulakslandless peasants
Farmers without owned fields
serfs · tenant farmers · sharecroppers · paupers · day laborers