tribunals
Panels deciding cases
Tribunals are courts or court-like bodies that hear cases and render judgments.
The term often applies to specialized judicial bodies outside the ordinary court system: a military tribunal, an employment tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal.
Tribunal carries a more formal or official tone than simply calling something a court, sometimes suggesting extraordinary jurisdiction or authority.
Distinct flat section
- benchShared seating surface
- judgesLegal proceeding overseers
- magistratesCivil judicial officers
- commissionersOfficials heading regulatory bodies
arbitrators · jurists · board · chamber · quasi-judicial · administrative · appellate · special
Just and equal treatment
- equityImpartial treatment or ownership value
- due processGuaranteed judicial fairness
- impartialityFreedom from prejudice
- accountabilityObligation for one's actions
transparency · jurisdiction · legitimacy · sovereignty · human rights · war crimes · Nuremberg · Hague
Perceiving sound waves
- testimonySworn statement as evidence
- witnessesThose who observe events
- evidenceFacts supporting truth
- cross-examinationOpposing party questions witness
proceedings · deposition · affidavit · subpoena · oath · examination-in-chief · rebuttal · transcript
Official court decision
- rulingFormal legal determination
- judgmentReasoned decision-making capacity
- decreeAuthoritative legal command
- determinationFirmness of purpose
decision · pronouncement · award · sanction · penalty · remedy · reparation · binding
Non-court binding dispute resolution
- mediationIntervention to resolve conflict
- conciliationResolving disputes through dialogue
- settlementResolved dispute or colony
- negotiationDiscussion seeking mutual accord
compromise · third-party · neutral · umpire · commercial · labor · grievance · redress
panel
Distinct flat section
- benchShared seating surface
- judgesLegal proceeding overseers
- magistratesCivil judicial officers
commissioners · arbitrators · jurists · board · chamber · quasi-judicial · administrative · appellate · special · military
fairness
Just and equal treatment
- equityImpartial treatment or ownership value
- due processGuaranteed judicial fairness
- impartialityFreedom from prejudice
accountability · transparency · jurisdiction · legitimacy · sovereignty · human rights · war crimes · Nuremberg · Hague · truth commission
hearing
Perceiving sound waves
cross-examination · proceedings · deposition · affidavit · subpoena · oath · examination-in-chief · rebuttal · transcript · allegation
verdict
Official court decision
- rulingFormal legal determination
- judgmentReasoned decision-making capacity
- decreeAuthoritative legal command
determination · decision · pronouncement · award · sanction · penalty · remedy · reparation · binding · nonbinding
arbitration
Non-court binding dispute resolution
- mediationIntervention to resolve conflict
- conciliationResolving disputes through dialogue
- settlementResolved dispute or colony
negotiation · compromise · third-party · neutral · umpire · commercial · labor · grievance · redress · complaint
- legal historylegal history, medieval law, Roman law, Roman jurisprudence, common law
- South Asian Lawhigh courts, high court, Muslim law, fundamental rights, advocate
- governmentgovernment, ministries, legislature, judiciary, executive branch
- justicecourtroom, trials, courts, gavel, blind justice
- legal systemattorney, landmark cases, criminal cases, lawyers, legal precedents
- courtsfamily court, civil court, district court, criminal court, circuit court
tribunalslegislatures
Bodies that make laws
parliaments · congresses · lawmaking bodies · enforcement agencies · police forces
tribunalsbackroom deals
Secret unofficial negotiations
vigilante justice · mediation · arbitration · negotiation · informal settlement
tribunalskangaroo courts
Unauthorized proceedings ignoring fairness
lynch mobs · vigilantism · mob rule · show trials · star chambers
- military tribunalsArmed forces judicial bodies
- war tribunalsBodies prosecuting combat crimes
- war crimes tribunalCourt for battlefield violations
- international tribunalMultinational judicial institution
- criminal tribunalCourt handling serious offenses
- religious tribunalChurch body adjudicating doctrine