orthographies
How languages spell
Orthographies is the plural of orthography, referring to systems of spelling and writing conventions for languages.
Different orthographies may use different alphabets, characters, or rules: English and Spanish use similar orthographies, but Chinese uses a logographic system.
The term also covers variant spelling systems within a single language: competing orthographies for Occitan.
Language's letter system
- syllabaryWriting using sound-units
- logogramSymbol representing entire word
- ideogramSymbol representing concept directly
- pictogramSymbol using visual likeness
hieroglyphics · cuneiform · runic · kana · kanji
Carved symbolic figures
- charactersPersons in a narrative
- graphemesUnits of writing systems
- lettersAlphabetic characters or mail
- symbolsMarks conveying meaning
diacritics · ligatures · digraphs · consonants · vowels · stroke order · letterforms · majuscule
Cross-script phonetic spelling
- romanizationScript-to-alphabet conversion process
- pinyinChinese-to-alphabet conversion system
- IPASound notation system
- latinizationAdapting to Roman patterns
Study of ancient inscriptions
- manuscriptOriginal text before publication
- inscriptionText permanently marked
- codexAncient bound manuscript
- scriptoriumMonastery manuscript workshop
illumination · uncial · blackletter · copperplate · proto-writing
Rules for writing words correctly
- spelling reformSystematic writing changes
- normalizationAdjusting to a standard
- codificationOrganizing rules into system
- regularizationPenalty preventing model complexity
prescriptivism · standardized spelling · spelling rules · consistency · uniformity
Incorrect written form
- typoPrinting mistake
- spelling mistakeIncorrect letter sequence
- autocorrectAutomatic spelling correction
- spell-checkAutomated error detection
proofreading · correction · variant spelling · eye dialect · respelling
Relating to speech sounds
- phonetic spellingTranscription based on pronunciation
- logographicUsing word-symbols, not letters
- syllabicOf speech segments
- alphabeticRelating to letters
alphabet
Language's letter system
- syllabaryWriting using sound-units
- logogramSymbol representing entire word
- ideogramSymbol representing concept directly
pictogram · hieroglyphics · cuneiform · runic · kana · kanji
glyphs
Carved symbolic figures
- charactersPersons in a narrative
- graphemesUnits of writing systems
- lettersAlphabetic characters or mail
symbols · diacritics · ligatures · digraphs · consonants · vowels · stroke order · letterforms · majuscule · minuscule
transliteration
Cross-script phonetic spelling
- romanizationScript-to-alphabet conversion process
- pinyinChinese-to-alphabet conversion system
- IPASound notation system
epigraphy
Study of ancient inscriptions
- manuscriptOriginal text before publication
- inscriptionText permanently marked
- codexAncient bound manuscript
scriptorium · illumination · uncial · blackletter · copperplate · proto-writing
spelling conventions
Rules for writing words correctly
- spelling reformSystematic writing changes
- normalizationAdjusting to a standard
- codificationOrganizing rules into system
regularization · prescriptivism · standardized spelling · spelling rules · consistency · uniformity
misspelling
Incorrect written form
- typoPrinting mistake
- spelling mistakeIncorrect letter sequence
- autocorrectAutomatic spelling correction
spell-check · proofreading · correction · variant spelling · eye dialect · respelling
phonemic
Relating to speech sounds
- phonetic spellingTranscription based on pronunciation
- logographicUsing word-symbols, not letters
- syllabicOf speech segments
orthographiespronunciations
How words are spoken
phonetics · spoken language · speech · prosody · articulation