ibid.

See previous citation

Ibid. is a scholarly abbreviation meaning "in the same place," used in footnotes and citations to refer to a source already cited in the immediately preceding note: ¹Smith, *History of Rome*, p. 45. ²Ibid., p. 72.

It saves the writer from repeating the full citation.

From Latin *ibidem*.

citation-terms

supra

Above, in documents

infraUnder, in documents
idemSame as before, Latin
passimIn various places

cf. · viz. · et al. · ante · post · hereinafter · aforementioned · foregoing · above-cited

bibliography

source

Point of origin

citationMention of a source
works citedList of sources used
referencesSources cited for verification

reading list · catalog · index · appendix · attribution · documentation · page number · volume · edition · author-date

footnotes

endnote

Back-of-book citation

annotationAdded explanatory comment
cross-referenceNotation pointing elsewhere
notationSystem of written symbols

marginalia · superscript · asterisk · dagger · obelisk · gloss · addendum · parenthetical

academic-writing

thesis

Academic argument requiring defense

dissertationExtended academic treatise
monographSingle-topic scholarly work
journal articleScholarly work in periodical

peer review · research paper · scholarly · publication · manuscript · abstract · literature review · methodology · humanities · legal writing

ibid.

supra

source

endnote

thesis

ibid.

Opposites

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Family