tetraploidy
Chromosomes times four
Tetraploidy is the condition of having four complete sets of chromosomes instead of the usual two.
Normal human cells are diploid (two sets); tetraploid cells have doubled that.
In plants, tetraploidy can produce larger, hardier varieties and is sometimes induced deliberately.
In humans, tetraploidy is almost always fatal, causing early miscarriage: The pregnancy loss was due to tetraploidy.
Organized chromosome display
- chromosomeDNA strand carrying genes
- diploidTwo complete chromosome sets
- haploidSingle chromosome complement
- genome duplicationCopying all chromosomes
chromosome doubling · cytogenetics · karyogram · centromere · telomere · chromatid · triploid
Gamete-producing cell division
- mitosisNuclear division producing identical cells
- cell divisionParent splitting into offspring
- cytokinesisCytoplasmic division after mitosis
- colchicineGout medication from flowers
Human-developed plant varieties
- wheatCereal crop for flour
- potatoEdible underground tuber
- cottonPlant fiber for textiles
- bananaCurved tropical fruit
coffee · sugarcane · strawberry · alfalfa · leek · durum · seedless · yield
Formation of distinct species
- hybridizationMixing distinct genetic lines
- diversificationExpanding into varied areas
- phylogenyEvolutionary relationships among organisms
- species barrierLimit on interbreeding
Absence of microbes or fertility
- multivalentHaving multiple values or meanings
- bivalentHaving valence of two
- reproductive successOffspring contribution to future generations
Uncontrolled cell proliferation disease
- tumorAbnormal tissue mass
- hepatocyteFunctional liver cell
- regenerationBiological self-repair process
- liverAbdominal detoxifying organ
karyotype
Organized chromosome display
- chromosomeDNA strand carrying genes
- diploidTwo complete chromosome sets
- haploidSingle chromosome complement
genome duplication · chromosome doubling · cytogenetics · karyogram · centromere · telomere · chromatid · triploid
meiosis
Gamete-producing cell division
- mitosisNuclear division producing identical cells
- cell divisionParent splitting into offspring
- cytokinesisCytoplasmic division after mitosis
colchicine · germ cells · gametes · zygote · unreduced gametes
cultivars
Human-developed plant varieties
banana · coffee · sugarcane · strawberry · alfalfa · leek · durum · seedless · yield · vigor
speciation
Formation of distinct species
- hybridizationMixing distinct genetic lines
- diversificationExpanding into varied areas
- phylogenyEvolutionary relationships among organisms
sterility
Absence of microbes or fertility
- multivalentHaving multiple values or meanings
- bivalentHaving valence of two
- reproductive successOffspring contribution to future generations
cancer
Uncontrolled cell proliferation disease
- tumorAbnormal tissue mass
- hepatocyteFunctional liver cell
- regenerationBiological self-repair process