underwater navigation
Finding direction below surface
Underwater navigation is the practice of determining position and direction while submerged, whether by divers, submarines, or unmanned vehicles.
Methods range from compass and depth gauge to sophisticated sonar and inertial systems.
Divers learn basic underwater navigation as part of certification: We practiced underwater navigation using natural landmarks and kick counts.
- scuba divingSwimming with air tanks
- dead reckoningPosition-tracking via estimated motion
- sonarUnderwater detection by echoes
- echo locationNavigation by reflected sound
- gyroscopeSpinning disc measuring orientation
magnetometer · compass · tidal patterns · thermoclines · accelerometer · ocean current · pressure sensor · triangulation · hydrophone · altimeter · military operations · search and rescue · submarine · dive computer · depth gauge
underwater navigationaerial navigation
Steering craft aloft
air navigation · flight navigation · celestial navigation · aviation · astronavigation
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