superfluids
Zero-viscosity quantum liquids
Superfluids are liquids that flow without any resistance or viscosity, a state achieved only at temperatures near absolute zero.
Liquid helium is the most studied superfluid, capable of climbing container walls and passing through microscopic openings that would stop ordinary liquids.
The phenomenon, governed by quantum mechanics, allows superfluids to conduct heat with perfect efficiency and maintain circulation indefinitely once set in motion.
Theoretical minimum temperature
- cryostatMaintains cryogenic temperatures
- liquid heliumSupercooled element in fluid state
- helium-4Stable helium isotope
- helium-3Light noble gas variant
Kelvin · cooling · isotopes · cryogenics
Matter shifting between states
- condensationVapor turning to liquid
- order parameterVariable tracking phase transitions
Facility for scientific investigation
- experimentSystematic investigation procedure
- microgravityExtremely weak gravitational force
- physicsScience of matter and energy
- Nobel PrizeHighest academic honor
Feynman · Lee · Richardson · heat capacity
absolute zero
Theoretical minimum temperature
- cryostatMaintains cryogenic temperatures
- liquid heliumSupercooled element in fluid state
- helium-4Stable helium isotope
helium-3 · Kelvin · cooling · isotopes · cryogenics
phase transition
Matter shifting between states
- condensationVapor turning to liquid
- order parameterVariable tracking phase transitions
laboratory
Facility for scientific investigation
- experimentSystematic investigation procedure
- microgravityExtremely weak gravitational force
- physicsScience of matter and energy
Nobel Prize · Feynman · Lee · Richardson · heat capacity
magnetic levitation
Suspension through electromagnetic force
zero resistance
Complete absence of impedance