hidden Markov models
Latent state machines
Hidden Markov models are statistical systems where an underlying process moves through unobservable states, each producing observable outputs with certain probabilities.
The "hidden" refers to these invisible states—you see only the evidence they generate, not the states themselves.
Used extensively in speech recognition, genomics, and natural language processing: The algorithm used a hidden Markov model to predict which words the speaker intended.
Machines understanding human talk
- phonemeMinimal distinctive sound unit
- utteranceSpoken expression aloud
- pronunciationManner of speaking words
- decoderDevice that unscrambles signals
word recognition · voice · speech synthesis · natural language processing · dictation · transcription
Randomly determined, statistically describable
- transitionChange from one state
- emissionDischarged substance or act
- statesModes of being
- BayesianPrior-to-posterior probability approach
likelihood · Monte Carlo · statistical · estimation · parameters · latent · conditional · prior
Arranging molecular strings for comparison
- genomicsStudy of entire genetic sequences
- phylogeneticsScience of ancestral relationships
- protein structureBiomolecule's three-dimensional form
- transcriptionWritten version of speech
annotation · homology · CpG islands · DNA sequence · amino acid · evolutionary
speech recognition
Machines understanding human talk
- phonemeMinimal distinctive sound unit
- utteranceSpoken expression aloud
- pronunciationManner of speaking words
decoder · word recognition · voice · speech synthesis · natural language processing · dictation · transcription
stochastic
Randomly determined, statistically describable
- transitionChange from one state
- emissionDischarged substance or act
- statesModes of being
Bayesian · likelihood · Monte Carlo · statistical · estimation · parameters · latent · conditional · prior · posterior
sequence alignment
Arranging molecular strings for comparison
- genomicsStudy of entire genetic sequences
- phylogeneticsScience of ancestral relationships
- protein structureBiomolecule's three-dimensional form
transcription · annotation · homology · CpG islands · DNA sequence · amino acid · evolutionary
- machine learningneural networks, deep learning, backpropagation, underfitting, CNNs
- voice technologyspeech recognition, voice commands, virtual assistants, digital assistant, AI assistant
- phoneticsphonemes, phoneme, vocal folds, consonants, vowels
- Statistical MethodsANOVA, confidence intervals, correlation, covariance, hypothesis testing