Lyapunov exponents
Trajectory divergence rates
Lyapunov exponents measure how sensitive a dynamical system is to small changes in initial conditions—how quickly nearby trajectories diverge or converge over time.
A positive exponent indicates chaos: tiny differences grow exponentially, making long-term prediction impossible.
A negative exponent means trajectories converge toward stability.
Systems have as many Lyapunov exponents as they have dimensions, and the largest one determines overall predictability.
The positive Lyapunov exponent confirmed the system was chaotic.
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